Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Enzymes and Isoenzymes

EnzymesTherapeutic applicationHuman beings use certain enzymes to treat several diseases, such as:
Certain types of leukemia are treated with bacterial asparginase.During lens extraction, chymotrypsin is used to dissolve the ligaments between the lens and the cornea. Dermal ulcers and severe burns can be cleaned with collagenase by removing dead tissue.The subcutaneous injection of drugs is facili…

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Coenzymes: Structure and Biochemical Functions

Metabolites are formed by combining molecules or atoms. By breaking down complex molecules, enzymes make simpler and smaller molecules. The biochemical and cellular organization however have an impact on enzymes. Catalysts and enzymes both accelerate reactions chemically without even wanting modification or change to themselves. The formation of optical isomers involves carboxyl group transfer, p…

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Regulation of Enzymes: Enzyme Induction and Repression, Allosteric Enzymes Regulation

Enzyme Induction and RepressionNumerous enzymes are responsible for the multiplication and division of cells in microorganisms. Microbes need certain enzymes to establish an infection, from a health perspective. Certain enzymes remain active at all times. Constitutive enzymes are the ones that are active all the time. On the other hand, other enzymes are only active occasionally, when their produ…

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Enzyme Kinetics (Michaelis-Menten plot, Line-Weaver Burke plot) Enzyme Inhibitors with Examples

Enzyme KineticsA biological catalyst, enzymes act to accelerate a reaction without using up or changing themselves. There is just one type of reaction in which these enzymes work well along with just one type of reactant that is known as a substrate, or they just work with a small number of closely related compounds. Cells need enzymes for many biological reactions to occur as, without them, life…

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Introduction, Properties, Nomenclature and IUBMB Classification of Enzymes

Introduction and PropertiesThe International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an organization that deals with biochemistry and molecular biology. At present, the IUBMB consists of 79 members. A major objective of the Union is to promote biochemistry and molecular biology research and education throughout the world, with special attention given to areas that are in their ear…

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Genetic Code, Translation or Protein Synthesis and Inhibitors

Genetic CodemRNA template translation produces a protein product by converting genetic information into amino acid language. Among the amino acids that make up a protein, there are 20. Codons are triplets of nucleotides within the mRNA that represent one amino acid. The genetic code is a relationship between mRNA codons and their amino acid corresponding. A three-nucleotide code means that there …

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Transcription or RNA Synthesis

A strand of RNA, also called an RNA transcript, is formed during transcription from the genetic information encoded in a DNA sequence. A single strand of the RNA molecule is made up of bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) and serves as a mobile molecular copy of the DNA sequence. A portion of the DNA double helix must partially unwind during transcription in prokaryotes an…

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DNA Replication (Semi Conservative Model)

DNA replication DNA replication follows a semi-conservative pattern. As each strand in the double helix is synthesized, a complementary strand is synthesized. As DNA slowly synthesizes in a 5' to 3' direction, it is made by an enzyme called DNA polymerase. DNA polymerases require a template and a primer (starter).The leading strand of DNA is made from a continuous piece of DNA during repl…

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Structure of DNA and RNA and Their Functions

DNAStructure of DNAAll organisms contain organic materials called nucleic acids, which are found in both DNA and RNA. A series of different bonds attach nitrogenous bases, sugar molecules, and phosphate groups in a series of sequences to form these nucleic acids. Our bodies have a genetic make-up that is highly determined by DNA. The DNA structure is an integral part of nearly all living organism…

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Organization of Mammalian Genome

Unlike linear sequences, genomes are more complex. Their physiological properties are strongly influenced by the structure of their cells, which in turn determines their functional properties in vivo. For gene transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair, nearly two meters of genomic material in every human cell nucleus has to be folded into small spaces. It emphasizes the importance of maintai…

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Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout Disease

Nucleotide Purine CatabolismCatabolism of purine nucleotides is closely associated with the active purine cycles, consisting of phosphorolysis and salvage to monophosphates of purine nucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides. Purine nucleoside cycles may have a potential function in converting purine deoxyribonucleotides into their respective ribonucleotide derivatives. Deficiencies …

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Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide

PurinePurine is a heterocyclic organic aromatic molecule composed of two fused rings. It can be water-soluble. Purine also names the larger class of compounds, purines that contain replaced purines and their tautomers. They are the most common heterocycles in nature that include nitrogen.

There is also a significant quantity of purine in red meat, beef, pig, chicken, fish and marine foods, asparag…

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Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Genetic Information Transfer

Nucleic AcidNucleic acids are biopolymers, or essential macromolecules, required to survive all known forms of life on the planet. DNA is a kind of macromolecule present in all organisms and viruses that belongs to the nucleic acid family. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that encodes the information that cells need to produce proteins. A similar kind of nucleic acid, known as ribonu…

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