Pharmaguideline

Biological buffer systems An average pH of 7.4 is maintained in the blood and in that Plasma contains buffers consisting of carbonate and bi...

As a result of small amounts of organic acids or alkalis present within crystalline compounds, buffers prevent acid or alkali from altering ...

pH and Sorensen’s pH Ions are produced when electrolytes dissociate in water. As acids react with water, hydrogen ions or hydronium ions are...

In crystalline structures, every ion, molecule, or atom is organized in a three-dimensional way and is held together by an ordered, cohesive...

Introduction As defined by the IUPAC, complex molecules may include bonds that are in most cases explained by classical valency theories bet...

HLB scale HLB is an acronym for hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. It is based on the idea that some molecules of surfactants may have hydrophi...

Spreading coefficient Oleic acid spreads immediately on the surface of the water when dropped on it. Water – Sub layer Liquid (S) Spreading ...

Surface free energy Surface tension describes the energy present in a surface, sometimes called surface free energy. The unit of surface fre...

Liquid interface Liquids show a significant cohesive force between adjacent molecules because of the water's surface tension. Within a l...

Dissociation constants Working in the laboratory requires a lot of caution, as strong acids could burn the skin if handled carelessly. When ...

Dielectric constant Understanding the concept of dielectric constant is necessary for discussing dipoles and solvation. Two parallel conduct...

When light travels through a material, it rotates around the plane of polarization in which it is polarized (also known as optical rotation,...