Beckmanns Rearrangement, Schmidt Rearrangement and Claisen-Schmidt Condensation

Beckmanns Rearrangement An oxime-based reaction that can result in either nitriles or amides, depending on the starting material, is the Beckmann Rearrangement. Those oximes that are obtained from ketones get transformed into amides; whereas those derived from aldehydes become nitriles.

An oxime can be changed into an amide through the Beckmann Rearrangement process under some acidic conditions. A…

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Oppenauer Oxidation and Dakin Reaction

Oppenauer OxidationA selective oxidation is used in Oppenauer oxidation to convert secondary alcohols to ketones. Oppenauer is named for the chemist Rupert Viktor Oppenauer. Al(i-Pro)3 and acetone are required for the oxidation reaction to occur. Catalyzing the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones in its presence is a metal alkoxide. Meerwein Ponndorf Verley is the reverse of this. Oxidatio…

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Wolff Kishner Reduction

Wolff Kishner ReductionA Wolff-Kishner reduction takes place when a carbanion is formed from a hydrazone anion that has released an atom of nitrogen. Upon reaction with water in the system, this carbanion produces a hydrocarbon. The solvent usually used in this method is diethylene glycol.

The aldehyde and ketone are reduced to alkanes in this organic process. The double bond between carbon and o…

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Birch Reduction

Birch ReductionIt occurs when aromatic molecules with benzene rings are transformed into 1,4-cyclohexadiene molecules with two hydrogen atoms attached at opposite ends, and this chemical reaction is known as the Birch reduction. This reaction plays a vital role in synthetic organic chemistry. Redox reactions classified as organic can be classified as Birch reductions. To produce an organic reduct…

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Clemmensen Reduction

Clemmensen ReductionUsing hydrochloric acid and zinc amalgam, the Clemmensen reaction converts aldehydes or ketones to alkanes. Danish chemist Erik Christian Clemmensen is named after the Clemmensen reduction.



Reduction of aryl-alkyl ketones formed during the Friedel-Crafts acylation is particularly efficient using this reaction. When cyclic ketones or aliphatic compounds and zinc metal are reduc…

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Metal Hydrid Reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4)

Metal Hybrid ReductionReduction of aldehydes and ketonesAldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols, hydrocarbons, and amines. Carbonyl compounds have various structures and react differently depending on the decreasing agent and the reducing agent.


Catalytic hydrogenationCarbonyl groups also have a pi-bond that can be hydrogenated, like those found in alkenes. The hydrogenation of ketones, s…

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Synthesis and Medicinal Uses of Azepines

AzepinesSynthesis Tributylphosphine is used to deoxygenate nitrobenzene. When 2-alkoxy-3H-azepines are rearranged intramolecularly with primary/secondary alcohol, the aryl nitrene undergoes ring expansion.




Imipramine synthesis



Carbamazepine synthesis



Medicinal UsesIn the azepine class of drugs, imipramine is often used as an anti-depressant, diazepam as a tranquilizer, temocapril as an ACE-inhibitor…

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Synthesis and Medicinal Uses of Purine

PurineSynthesis


Traube synthesis - 4-Amino-6-hydroxypyrimidine or 4-diaminopyrimidine is first nitrosated at the 5-position, followed by nitrosation of nitro groups to amino groups using ammonium sulfide, followed by ring closure using formic acid or chlorocarbonic ester.


Caffeine synthesis -


Medicinal UsesAntibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antiviral, and anti-HIV activities of purine analogs h…

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Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyrimidine

PyrimidineSynthesis Using phosphorus pentasulfide and triethylamine in chloroform, N,N-di-formyl aminomethyl aryl ketones are converted to 5-aryl thiazoles.


Hantzsch synthesis - Condensation is achieved by combining a α -halocarbonyl compound with either thioamide or thiourea. The reaction of sodium pentasulfide with formamide produces thioamide when it is conducted at room temperature.


Thioformami…

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