Methods of Preparation, Displacement Value, Its Calculation and Evaluation of Suppositories

Methods of preparationHand rolling method or hand Mold method
This is the easiest and oldest method of preparing a suppository. This method involves mixing the drug with suppository bases and then rolling by hand to provide the suppository shape. It is, however, quite a difficult and time-consuming process, which makes it not commonly used.

Compression Mold method (cold compression method)
Supposito…

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Construction and Working of Dropping Mercury Electrode & Rotating Platinum Electrode and Applications

Dropping mercury electrodeThe dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a silver electrode used in polarography, with its capillary tubes used to continuously feed mercury into the polarization solution from a reservoir (internal diameter 0.3 mm to 0.05 mm).

From a resistance-glass capillary (0.05-0.08 mm in diameter and 5-9 mm in length) it is released in small, uniform drops under polarisable micro-el…

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Polarography - Principle and Ilkovic Equation

Electrochemical polarography is a method of testing a solution using an electrode that can be polarised as a function of the voltage applied over an electrolytic reaction.

Principle This method of recording current flows between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (the mercury-dropping electrode) and the other is non-polarisable, by gradually increasing the voltage between them. The half-w…

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Methods to Determine End Point of Potentiometric Titration and Applications

By measuring the addition of titrant until the entire test substance undergoes reactions, the amount of a given test substance can be determined. Through this process after the titration, the potential difference between the electrodes (namely the reference electrode and the indicator electrode) is determined under conditions in which the equilibrium of thermodynamics is maintained and no disturb…

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Potentiometry- Electrochemical Cell, Construction and Working of Reference and Indicator Electrodes

Electrochemical cellIn Figure, you can see a schematic illustration of an electrochemical potentiometric cell. Two half-cells make up an electrochemical cell, each containing a metal electrode that is immersed in ions whose activity determines the electrode's potential. Connecting the two half-cells is an electrolyte salt bridge using KCl, an inert electrolyte. Porous frits are fixed to the e…

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Conductometry- Introduction, Conductivity Cell, Conductometric Titrations, Applications

Conductometric titration is a quantitative technique that consists of replacing an ion with another, and invariably the ionic conductivity of the entrants differs with the entrant and so the conductivity varies during the titration. Plotting the change in conductance versus the addition of titrant allows the point of equivalence to be located. The conductometric titration curve should be optimize…

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Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromometry, Dichrometry and Titration with Potassium-iodate

CerimetryOriginally developed by Ion Atanasio, cerimetry or cerimetry titration is a volumetric chemical analysis technique. This titration is a redox reaction where a change in the color of the Fe-1,10-phenanthroline complex (ferroin) indicates the endpoint. By titrating ferroin with a Ce solution, ferroin can be reversibly discolored in an oxidized state. It was first proposed in the middle of …

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Concepts of Oxidation & Reduction and Types of Redox Titrations (Principles and Applications)

Concepts of oxidation and reductionOxidation statesThe hypothetical oxidation state of a nucleus is equal to the charge it would have if all its bonds with other nuclei were completely ionic. A compound's oxidation state is the atomic charge it would have if all bonds were ionic with every atom in it. A hypothetical charge given by an atom if it is bonding between atoms of different elements …

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Basic Principles, Methods and Application of Diazotization Titration

Diazonium compounds are formed by disintegrating primary aromatic amines into diazo compounds. The synthetic dye industry used this process for the first time in 1853. Peter Griessin is credited with proposing the mechanism of this process. An aromatic amine reacts to form a diazonium salt in an acidic medium by reacting with sodium nitrite. Dye is the first substance to be measured using this te…

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Purity of the Precipitate: Co-precipitation & Post precipitation and Estimation of Barium Sulphate

An analyte compound that forms when precipitating reagents are added to a solution is measured using the precipitation gravimeter. It is true that most gravimetric methods, which generate precipitates as part of a metathesis reaction, can be used for analyzing samples by gravimetry. Nevertheless, a gravimetric method could work with any reaction producing precipitate. In the nineteenth century an…

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