Biological buffer systems An average pH of 7.4 is maintained in the blood and in that Plasma contains buffers consisting of carbonate and bicarbonate as well as acid and alkali sodium salts of phosphoric acid. A plasma protein that behaves like an acid in the blood can combine with a base to act as a buffer. Hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin and acid/alkali potassium salts of phosphoric acid make up the t…
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Applications of Buffers, Buffer Equation and Buffer Capacity
As a result of small amounts of organic acids or alkalis present within crystalline compounds, buffers prevent acid or alkali from altering the pH of a solution.
The necessity of buffers - There are times when preparation and storage of a solution of a defined pH are necessary. This process is even more difficult than making the solution itself. The CO2 in a solution will absorb from the air and c…
The necessity of buffers - There are times when preparation and storage of a solution of a defined pH are necessary. This process is even more difficult than making the solution itself. The CO2 in a solution will absorb from the air and c…
Sorensen’s pH Scale, pH Determination (Electrometric and Calorimetric)
pH and Sorensen’s pHIons are produced when electrolytes dissociate in water. As acids react with water, hydrogen ions or hydronium ions are produced. According to thermodynamics, pH can be calculated by calculating the negative logarithm of hydrogen ions' activity.
Specifically,
pH = -log aH+ --------------------(1)
Where,
aH+ = activity of hydronium ion
In terms of activity, hydronium ion concent…
Specifically,
pH = -log aH+ --------------------(1)
Where,
aH+ = activity of hydronium ion
In terms of activity, hydronium ion concent…
Crystalline Structures of Complexes and Thermodynamic Treatment of Stability Constants
In crystalline structures, every ion, molecule, or atom is organized in a three-dimensional way and is held together by an ordered, cohesive force. Structures that consist of atoms in crystals are among two types that exist; amorphous structures alternate with crystal structures. The key difference between crystalline and amorphous structures consists of how the structure is ordered. Among struct…
Introduction and Classification of Complexation, Applications and Methods of Analysis
IntroductionAs defined by the IUPAC, complex molecules may include bonds that are in most cases explained by classical valency theories between atoms, but one or more of these bonds may be anomalous in some way. Chemistry forces resulting from intermolecular interactions Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Vanderwall's forces Ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole complexes Different solu…
HLB Scale, Solubilization, Detergency and Adsorption at Solid Interface
HLB scale HLB is an acronym for hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. It is based on the idea that some molecules of surfactants may have hydrophilic groups; however, other molecules may have lipophilic groups; and some molecules may have both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups. The hydrophilic and lipophilic components dissolve in both aqueous and oily phases. Correlating and evaluating these character…
Spreading Coefficient, Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces and Surface Active Agents
Spreading coefficientOleic acid spreads immediately on the surface of the water when dropped on it.
Water – Sub layer Liquid (S)
Spreading Liquid (L) - Oleic Acid
According to general theories, spreading occurs when adhesive forces exceed cohesion forces.
Work of Cohesion (Wc) refers to the amount of surface free energy projected from separating two halves of a column of pure liquid.
Increased surfa…
Water – Sub layer Liquid (S)
Spreading Liquid (L) - Oleic Acid
According to general theories, spreading occurs when adhesive forces exceed cohesion forces.
Work of Cohesion (Wc) refers to the amount of surface free energy projected from separating two halves of a column of pure liquid.
Increased surfa…
Surface Free Energy and Measurement of Surface & Interfacial Tensions
Surface free energySurface tension describes the energy present in a surface, sometimes called surface free energy. The unit of surface free energy is mN/m, which is equivalent to dynes/cm. An air-solid interface provides molecular interactions with surface free energy, which is a molecule's energy.
This type of energy is important in numerous applications. It determines how a solid behaves …
This type of energy is important in numerous applications. It determines how a solid behaves …
Liquid Interface, Surface & Interfacial Tensions
Liquid interfaceLiquids show a significant cohesive force between adjacent molecules because of the water's surface tension. Within a liquid, these forces act as a cohesive force. Molecules surround themselves with other molecules that are equally attracted to them in every direction. Molecules at the liquid/air interface (at the surface of liquids) are affected by this phenomenon. Liquid mol…
Dissociation Constant, Determinations and Applications
Dissociation constantsWorking in the laboratory requires a lot of caution, as strong acids could burn the skin if handled carelessly. When determining which acids are weak or strong, how do we do that? Comparison of the dissociation constants between the acids is one method to accomplish this. Essentially, the dissociation constant is the ratio of original acid (reactants) to the dissociated ions…
Dielectric Constant and Dipole Moment
Dielectric constantUnderstanding the concept of dielectric constant is necessary for discussing dipoles and solvation. Two parallel conducting plates (condensers) are separated from each other by a medium through a distance (r). Two parallel conducting plates (condensers) are separated from each other by a medium through a distance (r). A charge on an electrode is q, and a charge on another elect…
Optical Rotation and Optical Activity
When light travels through a material, it rotates around the plane of polarization in which it is polarized (also known as optical rotation, optical activity, and rotary polarization). Materials lacking mirror symmetry, such as chiral materials, possess optical activity. A fluid's optical activity cannot be observed with other types of birefringence that alter the beam's polarization stat…
