Anti-inflammatory agents: Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone

Anti-inflammatory drugs are the drugs used to reduce inflammation and pain for the management of edema and tissue-damaging. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) and non-narcotic analgesics are other names for them.

DiclofenacSTRUCTURE



Chemically, it is sodium [0-(2,6 –dichloroanilino) phenyl] acetate. It inhibits COX-2 with more efficacy than COX-1 inhibitors and has fewer GI side eff…

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Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepirac

Anti-inflammatory agents: NSAIDs and corticosteroidsNon-selective NSAIDs block the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, while COX-2 selective NSAIDs only block the activity of the COX-2 enzyme.

However, COX-2 inhibitors have also been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes.
Sodium salicylate as an anti-inflammatory agent:
Sodium salicylate is a…

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Narcotic Antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartrate, Naloxone hydrochloride

Nalorphine hydrochlorideNalorphine hydrochloride is a derivative of morphine that is used to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose. Nalorphine is a prescription drug and should be carried by anyone who has been prescribed opioids for chronic pain or who is at risk of an opioid overdose.

If you are prescribed opioids for chronic pain, it is important to have nalorphine with that if Opioids resu…

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Morphine and related drugs: Fentanyl citrate, Methadone hydrochloride, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartrate

SAR of Morphine analoguesMorphine analogues are a class of drugs similar to morphine in their effects on the body. These drugs treat pain and other conditions such as anxiety, depression, and addiction.
Some of these drugs, such as codeine and hydrocodone, are available over the counter; others, such as oxycodone and fentanyl, are available only by prescription.Full agonists produce effects simil…

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Morphine and Related Drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anileridine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride

Morphine is an opioid analgesic medication and is considered the prototypical painkiller. Its effectiveness as an antispasmodic agent is unclear. It may also be used to help with postoperative pain and sometimes to begin labor or ease the pain of childbirth.
As a result, it is frequently used non-medically, for recreational purposes, often via intravenous administration, which has led to many acci…

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Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride

Dissociative anestheticsDissociative anaesthetics are a group of drugs that can produce a trance-like state, characterised by dissociation from reality. This state can be used to relieve pain and anxiety, or to facilitate surgery.

The first dissociative anaesthetic, ketamine, was discovered in 1962. It is still in use today, and is often administered by paramedics to treat people who have overdose…

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Ultra-short Acting Barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium

Ultra-short Acting BarbituratesThese are barbiturates that act very rapidly, typically within minutes.

They are used for anesthesia induction and short-term procedures such as intubation.

Short-acting barbituratesThese barbiturates act relatively quickly, typically within an hour. Therefore, they are used for general anesthesia and more lengthy procedures. Examples of short-acting barbiturates in…

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Inhalation Anesthetics: Halothane, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane

Inhalation AnestheticsInhalation anesthetics are inhaled (breathed in) drugs to produce anesthesia (a state of loss of sensation or awareness).

They are used during surgical and other medical procedures to relieve pain and to help keep patients from remembering the process.

There are several different types of inhalation anesthetics, including halothane, Methoxyflurane, enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isof…

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Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid, Gabapentin, Felbamate

Miscellaneous drugsThere are a variety of other drugs that can be abused, even though they may not fit into the categories previously mentioned. These include:

Inhalants:
Solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrites are sniffed or huffed to produce a high. Inhalants can cause loss of consciousness, coma, and even death.

Club drugs:
A catch-all term for a variety of drugs that are typically used at clubs…

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Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam

ClonazepamClonazepam is a benzodiazepine drug used to treat various conditions, including seizure disorders, anxiety, and panic attacks. Clonazepam has the potential to become addictive, and it's vital that you accept your doctor's advice.

Clonazepam is used to treat seizure disorders, anxiety, and panic attacks because it helps calm the mind and relax the body. It can help reduce symptoms…

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Urea and Monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine

UreaUrea is a substance that is produced in the body during metabolism. Urea is involved in the process of breaking down proteins in the body. Ammonia is a harmful compound that can cause damage to cells. Urea is also present in some beverages, such as beer and wine.Urea supplements are also not recommended for pregnant women or children.Urea is a very important molecule in the body, and it has a…

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Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide

SuccinimidesSuccinimides are a type of amide derivative that contains a succinic acid functional group. The most common succinimide is 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, which is used as a precursor to pyrrolidone derivatives. Other notable succinimides include 4-methoxy-2-pyrrolidone and 3-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which are used as solvents and intermediates in the manufacture of plastics and other c…

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Oxazolidine Diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione

Oxazolidine dionesOxazolidine diones are a class of organic molecules that have a nitrogen atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. This makes them similar to nitriles, but they are less reactive.

Oxazolidine diones can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other molecules.

Properties:
Oxazolidine diones are typically colorless crystalline solids, although some members of the cla…

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Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Metharbital, Hydantoins: Phenytoin, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin

BarbituratesBarbiturates are drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS) to produce sedation, sleep, or anesthesia.
Barbiturates were first synthesized in 1864 and were used as general anesthetics starting in the early 1900s. Barbiturates were also commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia until the 1970s when safer and more effective medications became available.Barbiturates are classif…

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SAR of Anticonvulsants and Mechanism of Anticonvulsant Action

AnticonvulsantsSome common side effects of anticonvulsants include dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.

Uses
Anticonvulsants are most commonly used to treat epilepsy. They may also be used to treat other conditions, such as:
MigrainesDepressionAnxiety disordersBipolar disorderBorderline personality disorderNeuropathic pain
How do they work?Anticonvulsants work by stabilizing the electrical activity in…

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Benzamides: Sulpiride

BenzamidesBenzamides are a type of organic compound that contains the benzamide functional group. This group consists of a carbonyl group attached to a nitrogen atom and is often found in pharmaceuticals and other industrial chemicals.

The first benzamide was discovered in 1833 by German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who also synthesized urea from inorganic components for the first time. However, benz…

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Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride

Beta Amino KetonesBeta amino ketones are a specific group of ketone bodies that are produced during the breakdown of fatty acids.

Beta amino ketones can be used by the body for energy in two different ways.
First, they can be used to produce energy directly through the beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) pathway. Second, they can be converted into glucose, which can then be used for energy.There are sever…

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Fluoro Buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone

Fluoro butyrophenones: a new class of psychotropic drugs
The discovery of fluoro butyrophenones has created a new class of psychotropic drugs. These molecules are structurally similar to amphetamines, but they have a fluorine atom in place of the methyl group. This change results in a significantly less likely molecule to be metabolized by the body and has a much longer half-life. As a result, flu…

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Ring Analogues of Phenothiazines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine

The design, synthesis, and characterization of small-molecule probes that target specific proteins is a powerful approach for interrogating protein function in living cells.

However, the successful implementation of this strategy requires the development of selective searches for their target proteins, exhibit appropriate pharmacological properties, and can be used to monitor protein activity in …

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