Protein synthesisA protein molecule is created through protein synthesis. Protein synthesis occurs as a result of transcription, translation, and post-translational reactions in biological systems. Amino acid synthesis occurs when carbohydrates, such as glucose, are used as carbon sources to make amino acids. Amino acids are not all derived from food; some are derived from the body as well. Durin…
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Chromosomes, Genes and DNA
ChromosomesEvery cell's nucleus contains chromosomes, a thread-like structure containing DNA molecules. The structure of a chromosome is supported by proteins called histones that are tightly coiled around DNA. A cell's nucleus cannot be seen under a microscope when it is not dividing because its chromosomes are not present. Chromosome DNA, however, becomes more closely packed during cell…
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive SystemThe male reproductive system has organs that are involved in reproducing new individuals, just like the female reproductive system does. Along with the pair of testes, there are also several excretory organs, such as the pen*is, the bulbourethral glands, and seminal vesicles.
TestesAs the male gonads, or testes or testicles, begin to develop in the abdominal …
TestesAs the male gonads, or testes or testicles, begin to develop in the abdominal …
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive SystemThere are two main parts to women's reproductive systems: the uterus and the ovaries, which produce eggs. There are two categories of female reproductive systems: ovulatory and oviparous.
Uterus contains the developing foetussecretes uterine and vag*inal fluidsThe male sperm is passed through the fallopian tubes anatomicallyOvaries release anatomically f…
Uterus contains the developing foetussecretes uterine and vag*inal fluidsThe male sperm is passed through the fallopian tubes anatomicallyOvaries release anatomically f…
Functions of Male and Female Reproductive System and Sex Hormones
Functions of the Male Reproductive SystemAll aspects of male reproduction are regulated by hormones. The activity of the cells or organs is stimulated or regulated by a chemical. The female reproductive system is controlled by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone. In addition to FSH and LH, the pituitary gland produces several hormones. Your…
Physiology of Menstruation, Fertilization, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Pregnancy and Parturition
Physiology of menstruationA typical menstrual cycle lasts 28-29 days, but the length can vary between women and from cycle to cycle. According to women, the length of their menstrual cycle begins the day after they have their first period and ends the day before their next period. A girl's first period (menarche) typically begins between 11 and 14 years of age. Among the additional developmen…
Structure, Functions and Disorders of Pineal Gland and Thymus
Pineal glandStructureIn mammals and humans, pinacocytes and interstitial cells both produce hormones within the pineal gland. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released by nerve cells that influence pinealocytes. The pineal stalk carries nerve fibers to the gland. These fibers contain substances including:
VasopressinGABAHistamineOxytocinSerotoninOrexinAll these neurotransmitters have rece…
VasopressinGABAHistamineOxytocinSerotoninOrexinAll these neurotransmitters have rece…
Structure, Functions and Disorders of Adrenal Gland and Pancreas
Adrenal glandStructure In addition to each kidney, two adrenal glands are atop each of them, hence the term suprarenal glands. Generally, the glands are pyramid-shaped, but the exact shape may vary from person to person depending on age and health. In addition to a fibrous capsule, the glands are cushioned by fat that protects them from shocks internally.
Adrenal cortexOf the adrenal glands' g…
Adrenal cortexOf the adrenal glands' g…
Structure, Functions and Disorders of Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland
Pituitary glandYour endocrine system includes the pituitary gland. It is responsible for secreting hormones into your body. Such hormones have an effect on many other organs and glands, such as:
Adrenal glandsThyroidReproductive organsThe pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the master gland due to its involvement in so many processes.
Structure and functionsPituitary glands are small and ov…
Adrenal glandsThyroidReproductive organsThe pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the master gland due to its involvement in so many processes.
Structure and functionsPituitary glands are small and ov…
Classification of Hormones, Mechanism of Hormone Action
Classification of HormonesBelow you will find a summary of the five major classifications of hormones. Among them are:
By chemical natureAccording to the Mechanism of Action Based on the nature of the actionBy effectBased on the stimulation of endocrine glandsBy chemical natureSteroid hormones These hormones are primarily derived from cholesterol, i.e., Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone, and s…
By chemical natureAccording to the Mechanism of Action Based on the nature of the actionBy effectBased on the stimulation of endocrine glandsBy chemical natureSteroid hormones These hormones are primarily derived from cholesterol, i.e., Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone, and s…
Physiology of Urine Formation, Micturition Reflex and Role of Kidneys in Acid Base Balance
Physiology of urine formationIn the process of forming urine, three stages are involved. Among them are:
Ultrafiltration or glomerular filtrationSelective reabsorptionTubular secretionGlomerular filtrationIn the glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule, semipermeable walls allow this process to occur. In addition to carrying useful substances, afferent arterioles in the glomerular capsule c…
Ultrafiltration or glomerular filtrationSelective reabsorptionTubular secretionGlomerular filtrationIn the glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule, semipermeable walls allow this process to occur. In addition to carrying useful substances, afferent arterioles in the glomerular capsule c…
