Qualitative Test, Structure and Uses of Ethanolamine, Ethylenediamine, Amphetamine

Qualitative test Carbylamine testTests using isocyanide are also called isocyanide tests. There is the formation of isocyanide as well as carbylamine when the solution is heated with an alcoholic solution as well as chloroform that then possess an unpleasant odor.

R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH (alc.) —> R-NC + 3KCL + 3H2O

A second and tertiary amine cannot be tested with this test. Only primary amines ca…

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Basicity and Effect of Substituent on Basicity

BasicityNitrogen in amines is electron-dense because of the lone pair electrons, as shown by the red color in the electrostatic potential map to the left. Acids are electron-poor and react easily with basic amino acids.



Among the few neutral functional groups that can be considered bases due to the presence of lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen, amines are one of them. lone electrons attacking a…

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Structure and Uses of Benzyl benzoate, Dimethyl phthalate, Methyl salicylate and Acetyl salicylic acid

Benzyl benzoateStructureInsect repellents and medications consist of benzyl benzoate, an organic compound. Scabies and lice are treated with this medication. Malathion or permethrin are typically recommended for scabies treatment. They are applied topically. It should be applied two to three times. Balsam of the Peruvian Andes, tolu balsam, and several flowers contain the compound


UsesMedical Huma…

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Structure and Uses of Citric acid, Succinic acid. Oxalic acid, Salicylic acid, Benzoic acid

Citric acidStructureThe chemical formula of citric acid is C6H8O7. Monohydrate and anhydrous forms are both possible. Citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and other citrus fruits contain this acid. A tribasic acid, it is usually found in citrus fruits. White crystalline solid, crystalline in shape, odourless, and sour in taste. There are only one type of crystal in the crystal structure. Carl Wilh…

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Structure and Uses of Acetic acid, Lactic acid, Tartaric acid

Acetic acidStructureThese compounds, which have the formula CH3COOH, are found in organic compounds. Carbonyl groups are attached to methyl groups on carboxylic acids. IUPAC's systematic name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid, whose chemical formula is C2H4O2. In vinegar, acetic acid is dissolved in water, and there is between 5% and 20% ethanol in it by volume. The acetic acid is composed of …

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Inductive Effect and Qualitative Tests for Carboxylic Acids, Amide and Ester

Inductive effectsThe electron-releasing or electron-withdrawing species will generate a similar negative or positive charge when they are attached to the atoms of a chain (a carbon chain). The inductive effect occurs when a molecule develops a permanent dipole.

Inductive effects can determine whether a compound is acidic or basic. Acidity is decreased by electron-donating groups, while acidity is …

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Acidity of Carboxylic Acids, Effect of Substituents on Acidity

The Acidity of carboxylic acidCarbaryl acid is the name given to organic compounds that contain carboxylic acid groups. Hydrogen and metals combined in an alkaline solution produce carboxylate ions. Similarly, acidic carboxylic acids are affected by these reactions. When carboxylic acids reacted with weak bases, such as carbonates and bicarbonates, carbon dioxide was formed, which was a stronger …

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Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Benzaldehyde, Vanillin, Cinnamaldehyde

BenzaldehydeStructureBenzaldehydes such as benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) are aromatic aldehydes, formed from benzene rings bearing formyl (-CHO) substituents. Organic compounds such as this one can be used in the manufacture of dyes, flavouring agents, perfumes, as well as a variety of other organic compounds. A naturally occurring aromatic aldehyde found naturally in glycoside amygdalin, it is characte…

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Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Chloral hydrate, Hexamine

Chloral hydrateStructureChloral hydrate is a solid, crystal-like substance of the formula C2H3Cl3O2. As a water-soluble and alcohol-soluble compound, chloral hydrate readily forms concentrated solutions. Chloral hydrate is said to be a hydrate of chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde); water can be added to chloral to obtain chloral hydrate. It is most commonly made by reacting chlorine with ethanol in …

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Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Formaldehyde, Paraldehyde, Acetone

Qualitative tests The molecular weight of aldehydes and ketones are low, making them volatile compounds. Aldehydes and ketones are identified by two different types of reactions: the double bond addition and the oxidation reactions. In aldehydes, a hydrogen atom is attached to the carbonyl group along with aliphatic or aromatic radicals. The carbonyl atom that is present in formaldehyde is attach…

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Benzoin Condensation and Perkin Condensation

Benzoin condensationChemistry tells us how matter forms, how new substances are formed, and what the results of those reactions are. These reactions give us a better understanding of the properties of matter. Condensation of aldehydes into benzoin explains the formation of the chemical compound. This reaction was discovered by Justus von Liebig and Friederich Woehler in 1832.

An aromatic compound…

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Cannizzaro Reaction and Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction

Cannizzaro reactionAn aldehyde is disproportionately reacted with a base and a carboxylic acid to yield a carboxylic acid and a primary alcohol in the Cannizzaro reaction. From two molecules of an aldehyde, one molecule of alcohol is obtained, and from one molecule of alcohol, one molecule of carboxylic acid is the result. Cannizzaro was the first to isolate and get potassium benzoate and benzyl …

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Nucleophilic Addition, Electromeric Effect, Aldol Condensation, Crossed Aldol Condensation

Nucleophilic additionAn electron-deficient species forms a sigma bond with a nucleophile during nucleophilic addition. As a result of these reactions, carbonyl groups can be converted into a wide range of functional groups in organic chemistry. Three steps can be identified in the reaction of nucleophilic addition of carbonyl compounds.
Each time an electrophilic carbonyl carbon combines with a nu…

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