Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Drugs are rarely delivered as pure chemical entities but are approximately usually provided as prepared formulations i.e. dosage form. After converting them into an appropriate dose formulation, they are delivered in several dosage forms.
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Excipients Used in Semi Solid Dosage Forms and Evaluation of Semi Solid Dosages Forms
Dermo pharmacological products are formulated in semisolid form, which is applied to the skin or mucous membranes to act therapeutically and as protective agents.
Pharmaceutical excipientsIt can be either included to assist in the manufacture of the system, or it can either protect, support, or enhance stability, bioavailability, or patient acceptability or it can be used to assist in the identifi…
Pharmaceutical excipientsIt can be either included to assist in the manufacture of the system, or it can either protect, support, or enhance stability, bioavailability, or patient acceptability or it can be used to assist in the identifi…
Preparation of Ointments, Pastes, Creams and Gels
Preparation of ointmentsOintment preparation: Prepare the ointment as follows:
All components of the base are uniform, meaning there are no lumps of high melting point constituents, liquids do not separate, and insoluble powders are evenly dispersed throughout. Grittiness is absent, namely finely divided insoluble powders, and large lumps of particles are not present. This requires precision in pr…
All components of the base are uniform, meaning there are no lumps of high melting point constituents, liquids do not separate, and insoluble powders are evenly dispersed throughout. Grittiness is absent, namely finely divided insoluble powders, and large lumps of particles are not present. This requires precision in pr…
Definition, Classification, Mechanism and Factors Influencing the Dermal Penetration of Drugs
A percutaneous penetration (penetration of drugs) test measures the amount of substance being absorbed into the skin by examining its penetration into the skin through the skin barrier. Due to its size and thickness, the skin plays a key role in how drugs permeate and penetrate the body. Furthermore, transdermal drug delivery works in conjunction with dermal infection management and the achieveme…
Definition, Classification, Physical, Chemical and Therapeutic Incompatibilities with Examples
Compatibility is a term used to describe the interaction of two or more substances that results in changes to the medical, physical, or chemical properties of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
There are three types of incompatibilities such as -
Physical incompatibilityChemical incompatibilityTherapeutic incompatibilityPhysico-chemical incompatibility is the combination of physical incompatibility a…
There are three types of incompatibilities such as -
Physical incompatibilityChemical incompatibilityTherapeutic incompatibilityPhysico-chemical incompatibility is the combination of physical incompatibility a…
Definition, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages of Suppositories
DefinitionSuppléments are semi-solid dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body by inserting them into hollow areas (like the rectum, vag*ina, etc.) and melting at those points to perform the therapeutic effect.
In patients with constipation, suppositories are extremely useful. Suppositories that work as laxatives include bisacodyl suppositories and glycerine suppositories, among others. Hemor…
In patients with constipation, suppositories are extremely useful. Suppositories that work as laxatives include bisacodyl suppositories and glycerine suppositories, among others. Hemor…
Stability Problems of Emulsions and Methods to Overcome
Stability problems of emulsionsEmulsions are colloid mixtures that are formed by mixing two immiscible liquids, usually oil and water, which dissolve into one of the liquids. Emulsions have two phases: a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. The first phase is comprised of particles, and the second is composed of the liquid surrounding the particles. The following table presents a summary of so…
Methods of Preparation of Emulsions
A so-called emulsion is made of two immiscible liquid phases that form globules dispersed in their respective liquid phases, which are stabilized by a third matter called an emulsifying agent.
Methods of preparation of the emulsionA dispersion of two liquids consisting of globules of one liquid over another is called an emulsion. The process of dispersion is generally used to prepare emulsions. A …
Methods of preparation of the emulsionA dispersion of two liquids consisting of globules of one liquid over another is called an emulsion. The process of dispersion is generally used to prepare emulsions. A …
Test for Identification of Type of Emulsion
Both final preparations (o/w and w/o) appear identical to the naked eye; therefore, additional tests are needed to distinguish between them. A conclusion can only be reached after at least two tests have been completed.
Dilution test During this test, either oil or water is used to dilute the emulsion. The emulsion will remain stable if the water is the dispersion medium and is diluted with water.…
Dilution test During this test, either oil or water is used to dilute the emulsion. The emulsion will remain stable if the water is the dispersion medium and is diluted with water.…
Definition, Classification of Emulsion and Emulsifying Agents
EmulsionDefinitionEmulsions are biphasic liquid dosage forms that are separated into two components. When two or more liquids are emulsified as droplets, they become miscible when together, but the dispersion is accomplished with emulsifying agents.
The term Emulsion is used in chemistry to refer to a mixture of two or more liquids in which droplets of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size are dist…
The term Emulsion is used in chemistry to refer to a mixture of two or more liquids in which droplets of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size are dist…
Definition, Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages of Suspensions
Drugs with insoluble solid particles can be dispersed in a liquid medium to form a suspension. This gives a greater capability of administering drugs that could be difficult to administer to some patients such as kids and the elderly. Most drug manufacturers prefer pharmaceutical suspensions over the solution dosage.
Preparation of Flocculated and Deflocculated Suspensions, Stability Problems and Methods to Overcome
Suspensions of pharmaceuticals consist of two phases of uniform dispersion throughout the external portion of the internal phase. Particulate matter in the internal phase is essentially insoluble but can be uniformly dispersed with a single or combination of suspending agents throughout the continuous phase. It is generally non-oral and generally aqueous, though the medium can be organic or oily.…
Definition and Preparation of Syrups, Elixirs, Liniments and Lotions
SyrupsDefinitionSynthetic sucrose syrups are concentrated solutions of sucrose in water that are sweet and viscous.
Sucrose is 66.7% by weight when mixed with water (100 ml) in simple syrup I.P.
In simple syrup - 85% of the syrup is sucrose (w/v). The syrup is prepared in 100 ml of purified water.
Medicated syrup - A medicinal or therapeutic syrup that contains active ingredients. Example – cough …
Sucrose is 66.7% by weight when mixed with water (100 ml) in simple syrup I.P.
In simple syrup - 85% of the syrup is sucrose (w/v). The syrup is prepared in 100 ml of purified water.
Medicated syrup - A medicinal or therapeutic syrup that contains active ingredients. Example – cough …
